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In 2016, the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) in cooperation with the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF) published a manual of good practices to serve as guidelines for governments for developing policies and practices regarding effective border security and management (BSM) in the context of counterterrorism (CT) activities. This addendum builds on the 2016 manual, using the Republic of Korea (ROK) as an example of a country that has built a strong and effective CT culture—especially in terms of BSM—despite having a low perceived threat of terrorism. Furthermore, it highlights the ROK’s notable ability to quickly adapt its BSM practices during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain an open border while preventing major influxes of foreigner-driven infections. While many countries establish or strengthen their CT efforts in response to a major incident, the ROK has smartly invested in preparation and prevention. Its early government-level CT efforts were largely driven by its selection to host the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics. Later events outside of the ROK’s borders, such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the US in 2001 and the 2004 kidnapping and execution of a ROK national in Iraq, underscored the need to adapt to an evolving security environment, and to participate in global efforts to combat terrorism. Research of the ROK’s current BSM practices in the context of CT and COVID-19 was conducted over the course of a year, coordinated through the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT)/UNCCT in conjunction with the ROK Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), including two country visits in 2021. It aimed to identify the ROK’s legal framework, procedures, and challenges in implementing CT BSM measures, particularly in response to special circumstances like the COVID-19 pandemic. A detailed questionnaire was also distributed to 12 entities involved in the ROK’s CT efforts, seeking further clarification on and understanding of each entity’s operations, procedures, and response measures to BSM challenges, and additional measures related to COVID-19 containment. Through the questionnaire and discussions, the project’s experts were able to gain a robust understanding of the ROK’s institutions, policies and practices related to BSM and how they have evolved over time. 

From the findings, a team of experts distilled a list of good practices exemplified by the ROK that may advise other states on ways to strengthen border security and management networks. 

These include: 

• Establishing flexible and close-knit CT inter-agency coordination; 

• Enacting legislation for CT activities and increased border security;

• Developing consistent border surveillance mechanisms for early detection of suspicious activity and/or actors;

• Facilitating intelligence sharing to prevent foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) from entering the country and improving regional CT efforts;

• Designing and conducting appropriate and effective CT and BSM training activities;

• Ensuring the responsible use and sharing of biometrics; and

• Providing human rights protections and reporting mechanisms for all CT and BSM practices.

Furthermore, the design and oversight of the ROK’s CT and BSM infrastructure allows for constant evaluation and adaptation to meet new or heightened challenges in the security environment Modifications it was able to make to meet the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic included: 

• Adapting BSM and immigration policies to significantly strengthen health-related precautions and enhance inter-agency coordination at all levels; 

• Elevating the authority of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) to expand response and policymaking capacity; 

• Utilizing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for early widespread testing, contact tracing, and emergency information dissemination; and 

• Establishing Test, Trace, and Treatment (3T) capacity for pathogen carriers from abroad after careful situational analysis.

The ROK’s approach to CT and BSM is instructive and can serve as a guide for other countries when developing new or revised policies to increase capacity in these areas for a future where both traditional and nontraditional threats are growing. Based on the good practices and recommendations highlighted in this report, the UNOCT/UNCCT, in partnership with the MOFA-led ROK government contingency, plans to conduct a series of capacity-building training activities in the coming years. After all, terrorism and infectious diseases are both examples of how one country’s policies can have transnational and far-reaching effects. Working together to prevent and respond to these challenges can contribute to a more secure world.

※ 관련 링크: https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/publications​​​​